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腫瘍マーカーとしては,これまで尿検査による2 種類の尿中腫瘍マーカー(NMP22,BTA テスト)が保険適応となっており,診断の補助として用いられている。これらの感度と特異度はNMP22 が58〜69%,77〜88%,BTA が64〜65%,74〜77%と報告されている8)。また2019 年1 月より膀胱癌既往患者の尿中細胞の3 番,7 番および17 番染色体の異数倍数体,ならびに9p21 遺伝子座の欠失を検出するDNA FISH 検査(ウロビジョンⓇ)も再発の診断補助として保険承認された。ウロビジョンⓇの感度は69〜87%,特異度は89〜96%と報告されている9,10)。その他の分子マーカーについては,尿中,血液中のマイクロRNA やcell-free DNA の変異解析等の報告があるがまだ実用化されていない10)。
尿細胞診は膀胱癌の診断および治療後の監視に用いられる。尿路上皮癌において,尿細胞診の特異度は非常に高いが感度は低い。特に生命予後の良好な低異型度尿路上皮癌に対する感度は非常に低い。このことから,2016 年に発表された国際標準の尿細胞報告様式であるパリシステムでは,生命予後に関係する高異型度尿路上皮癌の検出を中心にした診断基準を設定している11)。パリシステムによる診断の対象は中リスク以上の非筋層浸潤性膀胱癌が対象であり,その主眼は膀胱鏡を行うべきかどうかの判断根拠を提示することである。上述のウロビジョンⓇは尿細胞診の診断補助として,本邦では膀胱上皮内癌(carcinoma in situ:CIS)患者の再発が疑われる症例に対してのみ使用が可能である。尿細胞診と比較して,ウロビジョンⓇは感度が向上するも特異度が低下することが報告されており,診断時には尿細胞診の併用が必要である12)。
上述のように画像診断の進歩は著しいが,最終的な病期診断のためには,TURBT による腫瘍切除による壁内深達度の検討が必須であり筋層を含めた腫瘍切除が必要である。仮に筋層が含まれていない場合は病期診断の過小評価の危険性のみならず残存腫瘍,早期再発のリスクが高まることが報告されている24)。初回のTURBT でT1 腫瘍が認められた場合や筋層が含まれていない場合は2nd TUR が必要となる18)。また,CIS を合併する場合はランダム生検が必要となる。2nd TUR の内容はⅢ.筋層非浸潤性膀胱癌の治療・総論と重複するのでそちらを参照されたい。
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T1 high grade や初回TURBT で筋層が採取されていないTa high grade の場合,2nd TUR を行うことが推奨される(推奨の強さ1)。
エビデンスの確実性C
筋層が採取されているTa high grade に対しても,2nd TUR は予後を改善させる可能性があるので,考慮することが推奨される(推奨の強さ2)。
解 説
2nd TUR の目的は,1)潜在する残存腫瘍の切除,2)アンダーステージングの発見,3)BCG 膀胱内注入療法の効果改善や予後の改善である。また,初回TURBT で筋層が採取されてない場合も2nd TUR が必要とされる。最近のシステマティックレビューで,残存腫瘍はTa だと17〜67%,T1 であれば20〜71%に認められ,残存腫瘍の36〜86%は初回TUR 部位に認めている。また,T2 以上の筋層浸潤も0〜32%に発見された1)。再発率はTa だと2nd TUR をすることで58%から16%に低下しているが,T1 では報告によって幅があり,2nd TUR を行っても有意差のなかったものもある。しかし,T1 high grade の2nd TUR に関して唯一行われたRCT の結果では,再発率,進展率,癌特異生存率ともに2nd TUR 群が有意に改善している2)。
2,451 例のBCG 膀胱内注入療法がなされたT1 high grade のコホート研究では,初回TURBT に筋層が含まれていない場合,2nd TUR を行った方が,再発率,進展率,癌特異生存率,全生存率が良好であったと報告された3)。一方,T1 で膀胱全摘除術を行った279 例の検討で,48%は全摘標本に筋層浸潤があり,2nd TUR を行った症例のみでも46.7%に筋層浸潤を認めたとの報告がある4)。
2nd TUR の時期は,初回TUR 後2〜8 週がほとんどであるが,6 週間を超えると予後に影響を与えたという報告もある5,6)。現在進行中のJapan Clinical Oncology Group(JCOG)臨床試験では3〜8 週間で行うことに定めている7)。また,2nd TUR の方法については,初回TUR の周辺とさらに深部を切除することが一般的である7)。
NBI や5-ALA を使用したTURBT の報告があるが,2nd TUR への応用はまだない8,9)。また,2nd TUR の有害事象は初回TURBT と同じで,危険性が増すことはない。
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2016 年にBabjuk ら4)は超高リスク症例として,膀胱および前立腺部尿道CIS 併発T1 high grade,多発かつ/ または3cm 以上かつ/ または再発性のT1 high grade に加え,UC variant-histology やLVI を有するような腫瘍をあげ,これらに対して即時膀胱全摘除術を推奨している。尿路上皮癌に付随するUC variant-histology のうち即時膀胱全摘除術が推奨されるものとしては,micropapillary,sarcomatoid,plasmacytoid variant などがあり,診断時点で筋層浸潤癌である可能性が高く予後不良である5)(Ⅷ.希少がん参照)。また,初発のT1,特に,CIS 併発や前立腺浸潤を伴っている場合は,この時点での膀胱全摘除術が奨められる6,7)。現在,初回TURBT でT1 high grade が検出された場合2nd TUR が実施されるが,この2nd TUR の組織内に再びT1 腫瘍を認めた症例は,その後に筋層浸潤癌に進展する可能性が高く,この時点での膀胱全摘除術が推奨されている8)。一方,NMIBC の膀胱全摘除術に際しては周辺臓器および神経温存を考慮してもよい。
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結論として,① BCG 膀胱内注入療法開始後6 ヵ月でCIS が残存している症例および,② BCG 膀胱内注入療法後再発症例でT1 high grade 腫瘍は,早期に膀胱全摘除術が推奨される。
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近年,膀胱全摘除術においても根治性を確保しつつ生活の質(quality of life:QOL)を向上させることが求められる状況になってきた。神経温存膀胱全摘除術によって自排尿型新膀胱の尿禁制や性機能が良好に確保されることも報告されており,神経温存膀胱全摘除術の適応と問題点をCQ15 で取り上げた。現時点での結論としては,MIBC において神経温存手術を試みても良いが,その選択基準は未だに確立していない。システマティックレビュー4)は存在するものの未だにエビデンスレベルは低く,性機能温存を希望する症例においては,根治性を考慮した総合的検討により神経温存の可否を判断し,慎重に選択された症例にのみ行うことを推奨する。
MIBC のうち,尿路上皮癌に対する術前化学療法のエビデンスは充実しているが,micropapillary,neuroendocrine,squamous cell carcinoma,sarcomatoid,adenocarcinoma などの尿路上皮癌亜型に関するエビデンスは乏しい。米国National Cancer Data Base に登録された症例の中で,膀胱全摘除術を受けた尿路上皮癌亜型2,018 例の検討では,術前化学療法による全生存率改善効果はneuroendocrine 腫瘍にのみ認められたと報告している23)。
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遠隔転移を有する膀胱癌において,局所治療追加により予後を改善するか,という疑問があるが,この点についてSeisen らは,米国National Cancer Data Base を用いた後ろ向き研究で,遠隔転移を有する膀胱癌3,753 例を対象に,膀胱全摘除術もしくは50Gy 以上の膀胱への放射線照射が施行された297 例とそれ以外の3,456 例で予後を比較している。Inverse probability of treatment weighting(IPTW)法を用いた調整を行った結果,OS 中央値は局所治療群14.92 ヵ月,なし群は9.95 ヵ月で有意差を認めた。IPTW 調整後の多変量解析でも局所治療は長期生存に関する予後予測因子であったと報告している5)。本研究の問題点として転移の範囲,個数等は調整できていないことがあげられ,局所治療が施行されたコホートは,極めて選択された患者群であることは容易に予想される。遠隔転移を有する症例に対する局所治療は,現時点ではあくまで緩和的位置づけであり,予後改善の可能性に関しては,今後の報告を含めて検討していく必要がある。 * y:既治療例を再分類した場合の前頭語。
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Solsona E, Iborra I, Dumont R, Rubio-Briones J, Casanova J and Almenar S:The 3-month clinical response to intravesical therapy as a predictive factor for progression in patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 164:685-689, 2000
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Mariappan P and Smith G:A surveillance schedule for G1Ta bladder cancer allowing efficient use of check cystoscopy and safe discharge at 5 years based on a 25-year prospective database. J Urol 173:1108-1111, 2005
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Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, et al:Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables:a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol 49:466-465;discussion 475-477, 2006
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Holmäng S and Ströck V:Should follow-up cystoscopy in bacillus Calmette-Guérin-treated patients continue after five tumour-free years? Eur Urol 61:503-507, 2012
Kassouf W, Traboulsi SL, Schmitz-Dräger B, et al:Follow-up in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer-International Bladder Cancer Network recommendations. Urol Oncol 34:460-468, 2016
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Soukup V, Babjuk M, Bellmunt J, et al:Follow-up after surgical treatment of bladder cancer:a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol 62:290-302, 2012
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van Rhijn BW, van der Poel HG and van der Kwast TH:Urine markers for bladder cancer surveillance:a systematic review. Eur Urol 47:736-748, 2005
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Herr HW and Donat SM:Reduced bladder tumour recurrence rate associated with narrow-band imaging surveillance cystoscopy. BJU Int 107:396-398, 2011
Sternberg IA, Keren Paz GE, Chen LY, et al:Upper tract imaging surveillance is not effective in diagnosing upper tract recurrence in patients followed for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 190:1187-1191, 2013
Kassouf W, Traboulsi SL, Schmitz-Dräger B, et al:Follow-up in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer-International Bladder Cancer Network recommendations. Urol Oncol 34:460-468, 2016
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Golabek T, Palou J, Rodriguez O, Gaya JM, Breda A and Villavicencio H:Is it possible to stop follow-up of patients with primary T1G3 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder managed with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy? World J Urol 35:237-243, 2017
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Huguet J:Follow-up after radical cystectomy based on patterns of tumour recurrence and its risk factors. Actas Urol Esp 37:376-382, 2013
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Tran W, Serio AM, Raj GV, et al:Longitudinal risk of upper tract recurrence following radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer and the potential implications for long-term surveillance. J Urol 179:96-100, 2008
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Soukup V, Babjuk M, Bellmunt J, et al:Follow-up after surgical treatment of bladder cancer:a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol 62:290-302, 2012
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Picozzi S, Ricci C, Gaeta M, et al:Upper urinary tract recurrence following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer:a meta-analysis on 13,185 patients. J Urol 188:2046-2054, 2012
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MIBC の治療においては,National Cancer Data Base のデータを用いて術前化学療法の有用性が検討されている13)。微小乳頭型,肉腫型,神経内分泌腫瘍では,術前化学療法により有意にdownstaging したが,全生存率の改善は神経内分泌腫瘍のみに認められた。扁平上皮または腺上皮への分化を示す症例では,純粋な尿路上皮癌と比較して膀胱全摘除術の成績は同等であり,さらに術前化学療法による予後改善も認められた14,15)。以上より,術前化学療法は,小細胞癌を有する症例には考慮すべきであり,扁平上皮または腺上皮への分化を示す症例においても考慮してよい。一方,他の亜型や特殊型における意義は不明である。Trimodality による膀胱温存の成績も報告されている16)。単一施設にて施行された膀胱温存療法303 例のうち,22%がunusual histology であった(扁平上皮または腺上皮への分化を示す腫瘍が74%)。これらの治療成績(CR 率,癌特異的生存率,全生存率)は,純粋な尿路上皮癌と同等であった。
Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Raspollini MR, et al:Variants of Bladder Cancer The Pathologist’s Point of View. Eur Urol supplement 16:210-222, 2017
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Moschini M, D’Andrea D, Korn S, et al:Characteristics and clinical significance of histological variants of bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 14:651-668, 2017
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Vetterlein MW, Wankowicz SAM, Seisen T, et al:Neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer with variant histology. Cancer 123:4346-4355, 2017
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Kim SP, Frank I, Cheville JC, et al:The impact of squamous and glandular differentiation on survival after radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 188:405-409, 2012
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Krasnow RE, Drumm M, Roberts HJ, et al:Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Histologic Variants of Urothelial Cancer Treated with Trimodality Bladder-sparing Therapy. Eur Urol 72:54-60, 2017
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Moschini M, Dell’Oglio P, Luciano’ R, et al:Incidence and effect of variant histology on oncological outcomes in patients with bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. Urol Oncol 35:335-341, 2017
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Galsky MD, Iasonos A, Mironov S, et al:Prospective trial of ifosfamide, paclitaxel, and cisplatin in patients with advanced non-transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. Urology 69:255-259, 2007
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Bellmunt J, de Wit R, Vaughn DJ, et al:Pembrolizumab as Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med 376:1015-1026, 2017
遠隔転移例は一般的に全身化学療法が行われているが,3 年全生存率10〜25%程度と予後不良である3,9)。M.D. Anderson Cancer Center による化学療法の報告(2005〜2009 年)では,組織型別に化学療法レジメンが選択される傾向があり,扁平上皮癌でCGI 療法(シスプラチン, ゲムシタビン, イホスファミド),腺癌でGemFLP 療法(シスプラチン, ゲムシタビン, 5-FU, ロイコボリン),尿路上皮癌でM-VAC やCGI 療法が主に使用され,奏効率はCGI 療法(74%),GemFLP 療法(67%)と良好な成績も報告されている27)。近年免疫チェクポイント阻害薬やプレシジョン・メディシンによる新たな治療方法が試みられており,原発性尿道癌に対してのPD-L1 発現28)やEGF レセプター発現に基づいた治療による奏効例29)の報告がなされている。
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